FINITE MATHEMATICS - Number Theory Research Paper

FINITE MATHEMATICS - Number Theory - Research Paper Example In the next step we will truncate numbers to different digits. Our number is 5.3476. Let us examine what is rounding off a decimal place. Our number is 5.3476. We use the same concept as above; the digits after decimal points are called â€Å"tenths†, â€Å"hundredths†, â€Å"thousandths†, and â€Å"ten-thousandths†. There are two rules in rounding up of decimal places. Scenario 2: In this scenario we will add and then round up to the whole number. Let us think, I am in a supermarket. I want to buy three products and make sure I have enough money to pay before I go to the cash register. I already know that when I round up decimal number to the whole number, I increase the result if the number after decimal point is 5 or more. I will use this technique. Step 3: I will add numbers of columns from left to the right. I already know that; 247 is 200 + 40 + 7. So, 135 is 100 + 30 + 5 and 682 is 600 + 80 + 2. I have to use this concept when I add from left to right. Scenario 3: In this scenario, I am in a flea market. I found something that costs $ 8.60 each. I want to buy 7 of them. I have $ 60 in my packet. My goal is to find total price. I will truncate the decimal to the whole number and negotiate the price with the seller. This is a scenario of truncation after multiplication. Thus, if â€Å"p† is a known prime number, there is always a new prime number â€Å"n† which is a larger than the known prime number â€Å"p†. Thus for any prime number there is a larger prime number, so there are infinity number of primes. The figure above represents a 12-hour clock. Clockwise movement increases number from 1 to 12. The number 12 can also be expressed as number 0. Using this clock we can do addition, subtraction, multiplication of integers. An integer is a whole number. There is no decimal. An integer can be a positive number or a negative number. Thus, we can use a 12-hour clock for arithmetic calculation with

The existence of Sylvia Plath's mental illness Research Paper

The existence of Sylvia Plath's mental illness - Research Paper Example The feminine self that Plath often explores in her poems is permeated with an autocratically free zeal which fiercely struggles for more breath under the choking grip of her male counterpart and ferociously victimizes her male foes. In an article â€Å"Mad Poets Society†, Alex Beam confirms that Plath began to develop schizophrenic syndromes and manic depression at the age of twenty. He says in this regard, â€Å"At the age of twenty, Plath experienced mild depressions while studying at Smith† (Beam 98). But a close psychoanalysis of the evidences in her poems as well as her life-events will necessarily reveal that her mental illness -schizophrenia and manic depression- can directly be connected to her experiences of her father Otto Plath and her husband Ted Hughes. In this paper I will explore the evidences of Plath’s real-life mental illness in Plath’s poems and stories. Also this paper will discuss whether Plath successfully uses her mental illness to h er advantage, or whether she dissociates from it. When Plath was eight, Otto â€Å"developed gangrene in one foot after minor trauma and was found to have late stage untreated diabetes mellitus† (Cooper 4). ... Secondly, it was the end of a male authority and restriction under which Plath’s young feminine had been panting. This â€Å"death at such a young age for Plath had some sort of a belated effect on her mental health† (Dyer 5). Referring to the complexity of Plath’s relationship with her father, Ling notes, â€Å"Plath herself faces a confusing relationship with her father, whom she lost to diabetes at quite an early age†¦.Her need to please her father remains with her even to her death, as she was unable to exorcise the hold of this strange, authoritarian figure over her† (2). Later, this emotional complexity about her father further got aggravated by Ted Hughes’s extramarital affair as well as academic failure. Consequently, her literary works show an abundance of schizophrenic symptoms. Apart from Plath’s inability to think rationally, a good deal of her poems displays the paroxysmal and spastic emotions like burning anger, hatred and wrath against her father and her husband. ‘Daddy’, ‘Lady Lazarus’, ‘Colossus’ ‘Full Fathom Five’, etc are some of these poems which displays her real-life schizophrenic symptoms. Indeed Schizophrenia is a â€Å"mental disorder that makes it  hard for the patient to a. tell the difference between what is real and not real, b. think clearly, c. have normal emotional responses, and d. act  normally in social situations† (Freudenreich 23). In ‘Daddy’, Plath’s hatred for her father obviously surpasses her rationality. She successfully portrays and then disparages a patriarchal ‘father-figure’ â€Å"in which [she] have lived like a foot / For thirty years, poor and white, / Barely daring to breathe or Achoo† (Plath, â€Å"Daddy†). It is quite normal for a feminist to take any patriarchal authority

Tsiolkas Loaded and Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra

Tsiolkas Loaded and Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra One of the key concerns at the heart of communities is the notion of inclusion and exclusion. Loaded and Antony and Cleopatra Tsiolkas Loaded, and Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra present a primary protagonist, both conduct themselves outside of the social norms expected of them. Ari, the character in Loaded and Antony from Antony and Cleopatra will be compared. A review of their behaviour and response at times of inclusion and exclusion in society. Fukuyama suggests inclusion is, the expectation that arises within a community of regular, honest and cooperative behaviour, based on commonly shared norms (Fukuyama: 25). Ari and Antonys self-expectations differ from community shared norms, which exclude them; though in moments of compliance to the expected behaviours are included to which both authors represent the protagonist in a non-socially-destructive light, compared to following individualistic desire. TsiolkasAri connects his sense of community in the main narrative within the drug scene, clubs, secret homosexuality and music. Tsiolkas introduces a day and night with a 19-year-old Ari as the narrator, and the main protagonist as the reader follows to witness Aris dramaturgy, in his dialogue and behaviour depending on his social interactions. A self-confessed interloper of the social norms expected by the family structure he states, What I am is a runner. Running away from a thousand and one things, that people say you have to be or should want to be. (Tsiolkas:180). The reader can be confused just like the protagonist as Ari enjoys others company and has the brotherly love to be concerned about his Sisters relationship and protects his older Brother from their sometimes cantankerous Mother. Furthermore showing empathy towards his mothers home situation, even enjoying the connection with his mother when drinking, and enjoying Greek music with friends and family. He considers his Th ea (Aunty) during a coffee cup fortune reading, has mindfulness of his friend Joes uncomfortableness of homosexuality and Aris though struggling with Joe growing up he chooses to remain without external comment on these matters. Moreover, the acceptance of Johnno (Yianni) Toula as a valid member of society, to which Ari himself admires Johnnos (Yianni) strength to transform himself into Toula, a brave move within the Greek community and Australia at the time. Although the reader is witness to Aris interactions, internal and external dialogue, comparatively Ari through action versus his inner dialogue towards family and friends presents the desire to be included. The paradox, Ari in Loaded is an agent of his exclusion, throughout Loaded, Tsiolkas failure to adhere to mainstream morality and sexuality meant exclusion from the immigrant communal experience. (Frangos:13) Moreover, portrayed by Aris choice by not conveying his homosexuality his Greekness or Australianisms, to himself nor his parents. Inclusion is only on his terms during a period of emerging into adulthood, understanding his sexual and cultural identity while additionally conducting himself in self-destructive binges of unprotected sex with strangers, drug and alcohol use, as he divides of his home city into negative quarters to which he does not identify as an actual community. Thus, Aris denial of identity in a time of confusion and rebellion as a teen verging on adulthood. He denies himself of social inclusion which notably he replaces with his walkman playing selected soundtracks to survive the everyday. Although at brief moments Ari is compelled to be included within his so cial network of family and friends he shifts from the Greek music, contemporary music and movie loving teen to A dedicated non-conformist, he rejects media culture for its second-rate quality, levelling effect and mass appeal. He also abhors the shackling traditions of his Greek community, which he harshly criticises. (Vernay:44) Tsiolkas, therefore, presents Ari to the reader with secret identity issues and self-abuse during a difficult period of growing up showing how destructive self-exclusion from the community can impact on the personal perception of self. Additionally, though the community is not a utopia when included can bring with it belonging. Shakespeares Antony in Antony and Cleopatra struggles between Roman Stoicism and Egyptian Epicureanism, fuelled by a social and internal conflict between his love for Cleopatra and the expectations from the Roman Empire. Antony, formerly a Roman hero who won his position and admiration of the Roman community as one of the three leaders of Rome. Although, Shakespeare introduces Antony proclaiming his love for Cleopatra denouncing the Roman empire and his role within it. To which the next scene Antony is struggling with this proclamation, fearing the loss of his Roman identity while idle and enjoying the luxury Alexandria has offered him, recounting the glory days of his heroism, as a leader of Rome. Shakespeares use of two ideological and geographical places represents the opposing directions of the individualistic desire of Antony and the conflict between his reason, loyalty, and social expectations of both locations. Antonys duty, desire, socially expected obligations to Rome and hi s need to be indulgent of socially undesirable behaviour cause Antony to question his inclusion in both places but also his Roman-ness, the value he places in honour, as a part of his identity. Antony, nevertheless, participates in a deconstruction of his own not Antony identity at the opening of the play by resisting, ignoring, or attempting to replace his Roman-ness with a reconstruction based on his own desires and plans. (Galante: 9-10) Antony, recalls the joy and admiration of his inclusion in Roman society as a heroic champion of Rome, where is spontaneity and love of indulgence are celebrated and excepted, though frowned upon at times where his desires superseded the role Rome expected him to take. To assist Antony to his former glory, the arranged marriage of Octavians sister Octavia brought temporary peace, although Antony could not honour his marriage and returns to his desires back to Alexandria and Cleopatra; which Octavian himself questions Antonys loyalty: No way excuse his foils when we do bear So great weight in his lightness. If he filled His vacancy with his voluptuousness, Full surfeits and the dryness of his bones Call on him fort. But to confound such time That drums him from his sport and speaks as loud As his own state and ours, tis to be chid As we rate boys who, being mature in knowledge, Pawn their experience to their present pleasure And so rebel to judgment. (1.4.3) Shakespeare) While battling between self-desire and indulgence Antony is defeated by both Cleopatra and Octavian to which Antony is forced to face himself, and the exclusion he had created. The reality of Antonys fickle and unstable identity is an amalgamation of the opposites, he doesnt seem to have control over himself and is tantalised by discourses cruel play, he is not the engineer of his identity, and every contingent event drives in different directions. (Mohamadi:19). In defeat in battle and love, the struggle of only knowing victory as a part of identity excludes Antony more so, complaining to his attendant Eros, he feels himself changing, transitioning from one character to another as he attempts to restore his esteem and former identity to himself. Defeated, with false information on Cleopatras death sent by Cleopatra herself, rather than amending his character and social inclusion which incorporated loss. His choice to attempt to restore his identity as a unvanquished hero is by suici de believing his honour would be restored, and his name and story, therefore, included in Roman society as a legend of Rome. Shakespeares tragedy of the fall of Antony, the hero, shows as Fukuyama suggests inclusion is only successful when a person conducts themselves within the shared norms of society, Antonys waywardness and loss of what included him within Roman society ultimately created a self-righteous suicide. Comparatively, Ari is at a crossroads, at a confusing time while transitioning into adulthood, discovering his sexuality while struggling with cultural identity resulting in his extreme behaviour and exclusion from the community, through drug use and nihilism, though still enjoying his self-selected inclusion. Antony formerly had inclusion which gave him power and options, to which by choice excluded himself to pursue his desires, only to espouse the inclusion of his homeland he once had. Both protagonists have control of their inclusion and exclusion within their community both choosing to exclude themselves due to desire and resulting in both losing their identities, connectedness, and ultimately wanting a place of belonging. Moreover, Loaded ends knowing Ari is out there lost within himself and disconnected; the reader is left hopeful he will find inclusion socially and with self. Unfortunately, Antony story ends with his death; the reader is left to ponder if he lived could he ha ve brought back the heroic Antony from the lessons learnt. Tsiolkas Loaded, and Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra are from different eras and are of a different genre, but both present geographical separation and the impact society has on self and expected norms for inclusion. The Authors allow the reader to witness the tension individualism creates when it excludes those against the social standards of the community, and the joy that acceptance can bring when the personal desire is put aside to embrace community expectations in return. Bibliography: Frangos, Marina. Diaspora is a Greek Word: Words by Greeks on the Diaspora. Irish Journal for Culture, Arts, Literature and Language, Vol. 1: Iss. 1, (2016) Article 3. Fukuyama, F. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press (1995). 25 Galante, Paul. Yet cannot hold this visible shape: Antonys Roman identity crisis in William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra . Theses and Dissertations. (2001) Paper 691. Mohamadi, Abolfazl. Constructive Power and Discordant Discourses in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Online: [SciPress Ltd., Switzerland and University of Tehran, Iran] Vol. 58, (2015) 18-24. The Shakespeare Head Press. The complete works of William Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra. Wordsworth Editions, Clays Ltd, St Ives plc (1996) 924-964 Tsiolkas, Christos. Loaded. Random House Australia: ePUB ISBN: 9781742743882 (2011) 1-162 Vernay, Jean-FrancÃÅ' §ois. Only Disconnect-Canonizing Homonormative Values: Representation and the Paradox of Gayness in Christos Tsiolkass Loaded. Antipodes, Vol. 20, No. 1 Wayne State University Press (2006) 41- 45. Additional references Crane, Mary Thomas. Roman World, Egyptian Earth: Cognitive Difference and Empire in Shakespeares Antony  and Cleopatra. Comparative Drama, Vol. 43, No. 1 (2009) 1-17. Hauthal, Janine.Writing back or writing off? Europe as tribe and traumascape in works by Caryl Phillips and Christos  Tsiolkas, Journal of Postcolonial Writing, Vol.51, No. 2, (2015) 208-219. Ricard, Nathalie Effects of Social Exclusion and Inclusion on Basic Needs Satisfaction, Self-Determined Motivation, the Orientations of Interpersonal Relationships, and Behavioural Self-Regulation. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing [ProQuest Dissertations and Theses] (2011) 1-159.

Billy Bathegate by EL Doctorow Essay -- Essays Papers

Billy Bathegate by EL Doctorow Billy Bathgate is an important American novel in it’s portrayal of one young man’s evolution from boyhood to maturity. The novel is about a fifteen year old boy that gets taken under the wing of Dutch Schultz, a 1930’s gangster trying to keep a hold of his diminishing empire. As the novel unfolds, so does the rising maturity of the tough young man introduced to us as Billy Bathgate. Billy finds himself in situations that most of us never see in our whole life. In difference to the reactions that most people would have in these situations, Billy learns from them in order to better his role in the crime family. It is for these reasons that the young fifteen year old boy quickly develops into a man. Author Overview The novel was written in 1989 by a contemporaneous author named E. L. Doctorow. Doctorow was born in 1931 and fantasized about the 1930’s crime life as a child. He is an American novelist, short story writer, editor, essayist, as well as a dramatist. His works include Big as Life, The Book of Daniel, Ragtime, Loon Lake, World’s Fair, , Lives of the Poets: Six Stories and a Novella, a play entitled Drinks Before Dinner and of course his most recent work Billy Bathgate. Billy Bathgate is Doctorow’s most famous piece of literature. In fact, the book grasped so much attention that it was later made into a movie with an all star cast including Bruce Willis, Dustin Hoffman and Nicole Kidman. Although the film left out a lot of detail, as so many movies based on novels tend to do, it was interesting to see the elaborate detail given to the clothing, attitude, and backdrop that so accurately reflect the inner city Bronx in the 1930’s. Doctorow’s ex plicit, graphic detail show his almost fascination with crime and murder. He almost glamorizes the life of crime in Billy Bathgate. Critical Analisys Although Billy Bathgate was written quite recently, there is an influx of critical opinion reflecting the admiration of Doctorow’s artistry in literature. "Critics marveled at Doctorow’s vivid description of New York City in the 1930’s and of the horrific murders committed by Dutch and his gang."(CLC volume 65 Author Overview) "Billy Bathgate is intended as pure myth, a sort of Robin Hood for grown-ups. Other novels may be more psychologically subtle or emotionally resonant. But few of those ... ...sting novel that I have ever had the pleasure of reading. It is one of those novels that you just can not put down if you try. Billy Bathgate is a vital American novel in it’s portrayal of a boy’s journey to become a man. Bibliography: Bemrose, John. "Growing Up in Gangland." in Maclean’s Magazine. March 1989: 58-9. Vol. 102, No 12 Clifford, Andrew. "True-ish Crime Stories." in The Listener. September 1989: p.29. vol. 122, no. 3131. Eder, Richard. "Siege Perilous in the Court of Dutch Schultz." in Los Angeles Times Book Review. March 1989. p. 3. Kazin, Alfred. "Huck in the Bronx." in The New Republic. March 1989. Pp.40-2. Leonard, John. "Bye Bye Billy." in The Nation. April 1989. pp. 40-2. Vol. 200 no. 12 Pease, Donald E. "Billy Bathgate- a Review" America. May 1989. P. 458-59 Rubin, Merle. "Bathgate: Technique Surpasses Tale." The Christian Science Monitor. March 1989. p. 13 Rushdie, Salman. "Billy the Streetwise Kid." The Observer. September 1989. P.51 Tonkin, Boyd. "A Round Table Story." New Statesman & Society. September 1989. P. 37 Tyler, Anne. "An American Boy in Gangland." The New York Times Book Review. February 1989. P. 1, 46

Name and Discuss All the Seller’s Obligations in Details with Regards to a Contract of Sale

Contract of sale Table of content 1. The seller’s duty to protect 2. The seller’s duty to deliver 3. 1 The meaning of delivery 3. 2 How delivery occurs 3. The seller’s ability for latent defects 4. 3 General principles 4. 4 Requirements for liability 4. 5 Scope of the seller’s liability 4. 6 Waiver at the time of conclusion of the agreement 4. 7 Latent defects in repairs 4. The manufacture & dealer’s liability for latent defect 5. Liability on the grounds of the seller 6. The sellers liability for evictionIntroduction A contract of sale is a legal contract and exchange of goods, services to be exchanged from seller to buyer for an agreed upon value in money paid or the promise to pay same. 1. The seller’s duty to protect The seller’s primary obligations are to transfer ownership of the goods and deliver the goods. A seller may agree to package or label the thing in a certain way or service the thing for a specific period of time. The s eller’s is obliged to take care of the thing until it is delivered.The seller must exercise the care of a reasonable person in caring for the thing in question. The seller is liable for breach of contract if the thing is destroyed through his/her intentional or negligent carelessness. The seller is liable for breach of contract if the thing is destroyed through his/her intentional or negligent carelessness. However, in the absence of an explicit term excluding risk, the purchase carries the risk of the thing being accidentally damaged while still in the possession of the seller.If the purchase remain in breach to receive the thing, the seller can only be held liable if the thing is damaged or perishes because of his/her intention or gross negligence. 2. The seller’s duty to deliver 3. 1 The seller is obliged to deliver the thing to the purchaser. Delivery of the goods shall be made by the supplier in accordance with the terms specified in the contract. The details of s hipping and other documents to be furnished by the supplier are specified in special conditions of contract.The seller must make the thing available to the purchase and not necessarily that the seller must search for and find the purchase in order to deliver the thing. It is the seller’s duty to make â€Å"delivery† which does not refer to a physical delivery but merely means that the seller must permit the transfer of possession of the goods to the buyer. The delivery must be made in accordance with the terms of contract to sell. 3. 2 How delivery occurs 3. 3. 1 Movables A distinction is made between actual and constructive delivery.If the contract requires the seller to make delivery as a destination point, the duty of the seller is the same as though were dealing with the buyer face to face, rather than placing the goods in the possession of a carrier. However, if any documents are issued by the carriers that are necessary to obtain possession of the goods, the sell er must also tender such documents. 3. 3. 2 Actual delivery Is the handing over of a thing 3. 3. 3 Constructive delivery The thing may be pointed out or something symbolic may be handed over.The purchaser may already be in possession of the thing and then the ownership is transferred sometime later. 3. 3 What must be delivered Things to be delivered by the supplier are specified in special conditions of contract. If a buyer gas bought a specific object, it has to be delivered and must be in the same condition as it was when the contract of sale was concluded. The seller has a duty to take care of the thing purchase until the time of delivery. The seller must also deliver all accessories and attachments that belong with the object to the extent that these are not excluded by the contract.The seller must also deliver to the purchaser the entire thing and profits that the thing yield after the conclusion of the contract of sale. 3. The seller’s liability for latent defects 4. 4 General principles 4. 5 Requirements for liability 4. 6 Scope of the seller’s liability 4. 7 Waiver at the time of conclusion of the agreement 4. 8 Latent defects in repairs 4. The manufacturer and dealer’s liability for latent defects 5. Liability on the grounds of dicta et promissa of the seller 6. The seller’s liability for eviction

Noise pollution: Physical effects of noise pollution and governmental restrictions on it Essay

Running head: NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 1 Noise pollution: Physical effects of noise pollution and governmental restrictions on it NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 2 Physical effects of noise pollution and governmental restrictions on it. â€Å"Pollution being the most dangerous problem Likes cancer in which death is sure but slow.† Deepak Miglani. Who would think that moving to the one of the nicest areas of central Prague could make your life a waking and a sleeping nightmare? Concerts, combined with the sounds of rock drills, chain saws, helicopters, cars and horses, tourists and loud music could drive everyone crazy. Could loud noise lead not only to mental, but also physical, health problems? Does the government do anything to protect citizens? To answer this question, I decided to go deeper into this problem and describe it in my research paper. Noise, a prototypical environmental stressor, has clear health effects in causing hearing problems, ringing in the ears, sleep disturbance and poor work performance. But physical health effects are less evident and much more dangerous. (Health Hearing, 2010) Disastrously, these undesirable sounds can seriously damage one’s health in a number of ways including hard illnesses, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, breathing difficulties, deafness, ulcers needless, neurosensory and motor impairment. (Agarwal, 2009) Many governments are now trying to control noise through passing noise pollution laws and regulations. For example, to protect citizens from motorcycle noise, Canadian government adopt special noise regulation according to which â€Å"anyone with a two-wheeler that emits more than 92 dB while idling and 96 dB while running can get a $250 fine.† (Health Hearing, 2010) But let’s look at the noise pollution problem in more detail. According to The Oxford English Dictionary (1989), noise is derived from the Latin word â€Å"nausea† meaning unwanted sound or sound that is loud, unpleasant or unexpected. Noise pollution refers to sounds in the environment that are produced by human activities and which disturbs the human being and cause an adverse effect on mental and psychological wellbeing. Decibel is the NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 3 standard unit for measurement of sound. (Pollution articles, 2009) Usually 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful. (Health Hearing, 2010) In order to better understand noise pollution, it is first important to understand where it comes from. Sources of noise are almost everywhere around us. Basically, there are two types of sources: stationary and mobile. Stationary sources could be festivals, elections, mining operations and household equipment. Mobile sources can be divided in 4 major categories, such as traffic noise, industrial noise, noise from constriction work and neighborhood noise. (Kakada, 2010) Traffic noise is one of the major problems, which is difficult to avoid. In fact, noise from cars, buses, and motorcycles impacts more people than any other environmental noise source. It is the main source of noise (73%), according to survey conducted several years ago. (Health Hearing, 2010) In addition, aircraft noise is really unbearable for human ears. Supersonic jet planes produce noise which can shake buildings, crack plaster or break windows, so we can imagine what would be the effects of such noise on human body. Noise from railroads comes not only from locomotive engines, but also horns and whistles, switching and shunting operation in rail yards. (Agarwal, 2009) Industries also cause a lot of noise with their fans, motors and compressors. In result among industrial workers deafness is unfortunately a common consequence. (Boateng, C.A., & Amedofu, G.K., 2004) Another source of undesirable sound is from the construction of buildings, city streets and highways, which include pneumatic hammers, air compressors, bulldozers, loaders and dump trucks. (Barton, 1970) Sometimes even noises in your building can be very irritable. If house is not well constructed and walls and ceilings improperly insulated, dwellers are often annoyed noise from  plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans and voices, footfalls and noisy activities from neighbors. In addition, noisemakers of the house could be household equipment, such as vacuum cleaners, mixers and some kitchen appliances. Though they do not cause too much problem, their effect cannot be neglected, but it is still have influence on health. (eSchooltoday, 2010) Noise pollution can affect human health in the long run. What is health, anyway? According NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 4 to Robert Alex Barton, Health is â€Å"freedom from disease†. (Barton, 1970, p. 53) It will not become visible immediately, but could appear later. Research has proved the fact that human efficiency in working decreases with noise and increases with noise reduction. Due to lack of concentration and sleep disturbance, people need to spend more time to complete their task, which leads to tiredness, stress and problems with cognitive function. (Lifestyle Lounge, 2013) But much more dangerous are physical responses to noise exposure. Sometimes, being surrounded by too much noise, people can be victims of certain diseases like blood pressure, heart problems, temporary or permanent deafness. (Stansfeld & Matheson, 2003) Temporary or permanent hearing loss is the most immediate and acute effect of noise. When exposed to very loud and sudden noise, acute damage occurs to t he eardrum and can damage some part of auditory system. (Macalester College, 2012) According to the U.S. Public Health Service in year 1991, 10 million from 21 million Americans have hearing impairments and the main reason for that is noise exposure (Suter, 1991). In 2010 there were already 28 million Americans with hearing impairments from noise. (Kakada, 2010) Besides, our noisy environments are one of the main sources for cardiovascular problems, especially high blood pressure. (Suter, 1991) Researchers have revealed that high level of sounds can give a dramatic raise to the blood pressure. It also increases the heart beat rate. Dr. Samuel Rosen of CQC warns, â€Å"We now have millions with heart disease, high blood pressure†¦ who need protection from additional stress of noise.† (Barton, 1970, p. 55) Researchers found that even during the night time noise can increase a person’s blood pressure without waking him up. The louder the noise, the higher the rise in blood pressure. (Song,  2008) Basically, this process of body’s reaction to noise can make a circle: noise rise the blood pressure, on its turn, blood pressure contribute to heart disease, and that is a cause of high blood pressure. (Barton, 1970) It has b een said, â€Å"You may forgive noise, but your arteries never will† (Agarwal, 2009, p. 104). Investigators discovered that noise can cause complex hormonal changes such as increase of adrenal hormones and decrease of ovarian hormones, which can actually influence fertility, growth and other essential NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 5 functions of body. When the noise is too loud, the defense reaction turns to be harmful, and can lead to bleeding uncles in stomach and intestines, shrink of lymph tissues and enlargement of glands. (Barton, 1970) Another health issue caused by noise pollution is problems with cognitive function. A person, constantly surrounded by some loud noise, can lose his ability to read, solve, understand and learn. In addition, this person can suffer from short term memory loss and poor productivity, together with high level of errors. (Stansfeld & Matheson, 2003) Another effect of noise is Fatigue, caused by lack of concentration and higher amount of time people spending to complete their task. (Lifestyle Lounge, 2013) To reduce level of noise, governments are creating noise pollution laws, regulations or ordinance. (Health Hearing, 2010) According to Kinetics Noise Control, noise ordinance is a special laws developed by state governments to limit noise level at different arias and different time of the days. During the daytime, the maximum available noise level is higher than during the night time. Some small cites still don’t have noise ordinance, but in a big cities this already becomes an â€Å"important part of the community’s health.† (Kinetics Noise Control, 2013) The question, which I will now is how to recognize noise disturbance? According to my own research, many people don’t complain about noise because they are not sure what is the level of noise which you have a right to contact a law enforcement agency. Gainesville Police Department defines noise ordinance as follows: 1. Disturbs a reasonable person of normal sensitivities 2. Exceeds the sound level limit set forth in the ordinance, as measured by a  sound level meter 3. Is plainly audible, which is defined as noise that can be heard a minimum of 200 feet from the property line of the source of the noise – This type of noise includes amplified music, musical instruments, televisions, radios and non-amplified human voices (â€Å"yelling, shouting, whistling, hooting or generally creating a racket†) ( Gainesville Police Department, 2013) The most common urban noise disturbance nowadays are loud parties, barking dogs, construction works, domestic power tools, apartments’ noise and loud car stereos. (Gainesville Police Department, 2013) If you want to report noise disturbance, you NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 6 should call communication center and provide them with information about location of the source of the noise disturbance or an address, description of type of the noise and how long it has been going on. You may stay anonymous, but your name, address and phone number will be really helpful for successful enforcement based on disturbing reasonable person of normal sensibilities. (Gainesville Police Department, 2013) In case if noise ordinance is violated, you can also report it to the police or to law enforcement agency. After that, police officer will visit and record noise level at the place of the complaint and, according to result, the agency may force owner to take corrective actions or to pay fines. (Kinetics Noise Control, 2013) According to the Florida legal system, if an officer found that there is noise disturbance and if it is the first incident, the person who is responsible for it will receive warning remains in effect for 365 days,. If there is more noise during this 365 days, the violator is issued a Civil Citation, which will be recorded at the Police Department. In this case the violator will have to pay a $250 fine. If there is another noise complaint, he will be pun ished by $500 and if it happens again, he will receive Civil Citation with a mandatory court appearance and fine up to $500. (Gainesville Police Department, 2013) In Hong Kong rules are stricter. For neighborhood noise you can get maximum $10,000 penalty; noise from construction sites, industrial type of noise and noise from products could lead you to $100,000 fine on first conviction, $200,000 penalty on second conviction, plus $20,000 a day; noise from intruder alarm system installed in any vehicle will cost you maximum $10,000 and the same amount for an intruder alarm system installed in any premises, plus possible imprisonment for three months. (Environmental Protection Environment, 2013) In New York  City fines started from $70 for such noise sources as radio, noise from animals, etc and it goes up to $16,000 for music from commercial establishment on second conviction. (NYCDEP, 1998) In Europe the adoption of noise ordinance, such as determining exposure to environmental noise through noise mapping and action planning is still developing. On 25 June 2002, Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parlia ment and the Council, relating to the assessment and management of environment noise (hereinafter Environmental Noise Directive, NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 7 END), was adopted. First implementation brought good results, but there are still some difficulties such as need for indicators and strengthened enforcement mechanisms and there are still some areas which need improvement. (EUR -Lex, 2011) Besides governmental protection, each person should take some simple steps to protect himself or herself from noise pollution. You should keep the volume of your musical player at a comfortable noise level and take breaks from listening. If you are involved in loud work, don’t forget to wear earplugs, earmuffs or any other hearing protective devices, which are required by law to protect you from hearing loss. (Health Hearing, 2010) Be alert to loud noise in your environment and inform your friends and family about harm of noise pollution. Nowadays, when noise pollution becomes an overall global problem and is taken as seriously as other forms of pollution, as it is similarly damaging to human health, governments are taking steps to protect their population against noise disturbance by creating federal standards and state laws. But citizens should also take individual steps to reducing noise pollution for themselves and for others. I agree with Robert Alex Barton: â€Å"A quieter world is possible, if †¦ we don’t take noise for an answer.† (Barton, 1970, p. 276) NOISE POLLUTION PAGE 8 Selected Bibliography 1. Health Hearing.(2010). Reasons for Hearing Loss: Noise Pollution Levels. Retrieved from http://www.healthyhearing.com/content/articles/Hearing-loss/Causes/47496-Nois

CNC essays

CNC essays CNC was developed in the late 1940s- early 1950s fuelled by the war effort by machine tool builders. It was used to produce complex machined parts more accurately without human intervention or variability. CNC machines used to be associated with high volume production due to the time involved in machine programming, however new computer technologies along with software advances allow easy programming of CNC machines for low production parts. This report will discuss the operation of CNC systems, the advantages of CNC production, training requirements and their ability to link to CAD systems. CNC machines are basically a computerised machinist that cuts away material away from a standard sized piece of material until the desired product is achieved. A CNC machine uses digital information from a computer to move motors and other positioning systems in order to guide a spindle over raw material. The computer translates design instructions on how the tool must move to create a shape. It uses mathematics and co-ordinate systems to understand and process information on what to move, to where and how fast. A basic CNC machine is able to move in three controlled directions at once. These directions are usually named the x, y and z axis. X is the movement from front to back, Y is the movement from left to right and Z is the vertical spindle up/ down movement. 2.5, 4 and 5 axis machining can also be mentioned. 2.5 axis machining is where the machine tool can cut in all three directions, but cannot cut diagonally when moving down. Usually this is caused by either using a two-dimensional CAD program or it is too difficult a program for the standard controls. 4-axis machining is when a rotating tool holder is able to spin the piece while the piece is being machined. The main reason for this is to eliminate ridge lines that will exist when doing three axis machining as well as reducing the amount of times a piece must be turned. The 5th axis ...