The Importance Of Employees In An Organization Marketing Essay

The Importance Of Employees In An Organization Marketing Essay The article focuses on the importance of employees in an organization. The categorization of employees as the most valuable asset of an organization has been proclaimed by many marketing, human resource and other business experts. However, it is just a claim and no concrete measures are taken to harvest this invaluable asset. Companies focus on the four Ps of marketing strategy, rather than the role of employees in delivering customer satisfaction. This article advocates the concept of the fifth P, which is not packaging or public relations but rather people-power. The article focuses on the importance of an organizations workforce in marketing strategy. The author touches on general marketing concepts covered by great authors such as Kotler and Levitt and builds upon them with relation to the human resources of an organization. In the academic context, the article is a practical approach to internal marketing and covers the concept of including the 5th P in the marketing mix. From an industrial context, the theoretical concepts covered stress the implementation of these concepts in the industry. The author reiterates the importance of refraining from platitudes and instilling the value of employees with regards to customer service at all levels of the organization. From a scholarly point of view, the article builds on attempts to include people power by authors such as Parkinson (1988), Gross et al. (1993), Rafiq and Ahmed (2000) and Judd himself in 1987 and 2001. The difference between this article and others is that it focuses on people powe r as an integral part of the marketing mix over all sectors in an economy whereas other articles focused on its role in specific industries or the importance of employees in internal marketing. An organization needs customers to survive and be profitable and customers are looking for value. Marketing persuades the customer that value is to be found in a specific organizations product or service thus an organization has two main marketing objectives which are to satisfy customers and to provide customers with a differentiated product that holds value for them. An introduction of marketing mix in the article explains that it is the combination of price, promotion, placement and most importantly product that an organization develops to attract and satisfy customers. The marketing mix elements must provide an offering that holds value for customers and substantially differentiates the offering from competitors. According to Levitt (1986), marketing is basically about getting the customer and this customer orientation defines all aspects of marketing strategy. The article bases its argument for the 5th P firstly on this concept of customer orientation which is the cornerstone of marketing principles. The second concept is the role of employees in differentiating and delivering value. Kotler (2000) mentions employees as a differentiating element for organizations. According to him, an organization consisting of qualified, courteous and helpful staff is automatically differentiated from a competitor who does not have a customer-oriented staff. According to the author, most business authors mention the employees as the most important asset of an organization (Freeman, 1993; Shoniwa and Gilmore, 1996; Peak, 1997; Business Week, 2000). This assertion by various authors has not had any real impact on the way organizations consider their human resources Although motivational theories have changes from a more scientific to humanistic approach and managers of every organization claim in their annual reports that their employees are the driving force, or they are invaluable but implementation of these assertions in strategies and organizational behavior has been lacking. Thus the central idea of the article is that the main aims of marketing which are delivering value to customers through differentiation and achieving customer satisfaction are attainable through the organizations employees. The organization cannot be fully customer oriented until its employees are focused on creating and delivering value to the customers. Employees at all levels of the organization should be committed to the customer and that is the only way an organization can be fully customer oriented. Accordingly, it is vital that employees be included in the marketing strategy as the fifth P. The author proposes that people-power be included in the marketing mix as employees are as important in differentiating and delivering value to the customer as price, product, placement and promotion. In explaining this orientation towards people-power, the article explores the marketing ideas of differentiation and the marketing mix which are the basis of marketing strategy. An organization can differentiate its product offering through product, design, style, name, logo, packaging, features, store location, availability, branding, goodwill and personal touch (Chamberlin, 1965). But the core concept is perceived differentiation in the mind of the customer, thus differentiation is only effective if it is perceived by the customer to add value to the product (Kotler 1986). Thus, on this basis of differentiation the organization can attract customers and satisfy them. The marketing mix denotes elements of marketing strategy and product development that can be modified by the organization. These elements represent the augmented product or service offering to the customer and can be differentiated to suit the customers needs. Price, place, promotion and product are widely accepted as the four Ps (McCarthy, 1960). However Kotler (1986) the marketing Guru, suggested that public relations should be a part of the marketing mix as did Mindak and Fine (1981). Political power has also been suggested as a marketing mix variable (Kotler, 1986) whereas Wind (1986) asserted there were 11 Ps in the marketing mix. However, recently the concept of relationship marketing has been pushed forward as a replacement for the marketing mix (Groà ¶nroos, 1994). Although, relationship marketing has gained prominence it does not compromise the significance of the marketing mix; according to the author. In fact, it is another concept of marketing that requires the harvestin g of human resource to develop relationships and thus deliver value to the customer. The inclusion of people-power was first discussed by the author in previous articles with regards to field sales in B2B marketing (Judd, 1986) and with regards to non-profit organizations (Judd, 2001). With reference to industrial and manufacturing concerns it was included in the marketing mix by Gross et al. (1993) and to small businesses by Parkinson (1988). Although, it has been discussed by many other scholars (Christopher et al., 1993; Harris, 1999), recently people power has ignited more interest with regards to organizations across all sectors of the economy. The strengths of the article are that it clearly states the concepts of marketing and its aim to introduce people-power in the marketing. It clearly refers to many previous articles and books about marketing and makes an informed leap into the stretching of the marketing mix. The conclusions derived in the article, are easy for the reader and the student to grasp as there is a logical progression from one concept to another. The concept of employees as a major force that determines the success and failure of an organization is not a new one, however mostly it is just a statement with no real actions by marketers or managers to instill it in their strategies; this article correctly identifies and criticizes this and provides a real workable path to employee involvement in creating value for the customer. It does not focus on the customer relations employees or the board of directors; rather it covers all employees that work in an organization whether or not they directly or indirectly influence the marketing strategy. The author believes that every employee influences the customer through his performance whether directly or indirectly. The main weakness of the article is that though it advocates the importance of employees in a marketing concept; he does not put forth details about how different employees can affect the organization. The author does not use any primary research. The author states many sources but only focus on major concepts from Levitt (1969). The article does not bring any major new conclusions to the marketing world except for the employee matrix and how different employee roles should change due to the induction of people power. The research methodology the article follows is usage of secondary research. A wide variety of sources and references have been incorporated from the books and journals. The author covers different perspectives of the marketing mix and differentiation. He considers different views of employees. In detail, he discusses Levitts theories and Rafiq and Ahmeds summary on internal marketing. The author has not conducted surveys and studies himself although he has build upon concepts and ideas from his older articles in 1987 and 2001; both dealt with people power in specific types of organizations. The author has chosen to specific examples in his article for the implementation of people power in the marketing mix. One is an industrial setting and the other a non-profit organization. In each organization there are different levels of contact with the customers and different levels of involvement with the design and execution of the marketing mix. The most involved in both areas are the contactors which would include marketing management, sales people, customer service, design engineers and so on. Influencers are involved in the marketing mix but have little chance of customer interaction; they include RD, senior management and process engineers. Modifiers have high customer contact but no involvement in the marketing mix and include receptionists, credit and billing departments. Isolateds are not involved in either of the two areas and examples include Human resources, accounts payable and personnel department. In a nonprofit organization the situation is slightly different as most employees are customer oriented and involved in the marketing mix. Volunteers in a nonprofit organization make up a major part of the people and are an integral part of the organization. Thus the major finding of the article is that as people power becomes the 5th P; the management needs to develop a strategy for the contactors, modifiers, influencers and most importantly the isolateds. The strategy of managing people in the organization to develop a customer oriented approach is found in many articles about internal marketing. Piercy (1995) states that views of performance diverge amongst internal and external markets and employees may perceive service to be high quality but customers may be of a differing opinion thus even employees not in contact with the customer should be aware of the customers needs and priorities and an analysis of divergence between external and internal market should be carried out. Internal barriers may be recognized and should be the basis of the internal marketing strategy and thus the gap between the external and internal market should be closed. Rashid and Ahmed (2000) in their article focus on the three step implementation of internal marketing. Firstly employees should be treated as customers and thus the second step involves marketing techniques to be used to move the employees to a more customer oriented approach. Thirdly, strategi es should be developed create awareness about the employees role in the organization and its strategy and change management should be undertaken. Another approach to managing people power is that the CEO should be responsible for directing the organization into a more customer oriented approach (Levitt, 1969). Webster (1988) agrees with this concept of the CEO being the guiding force for commitment to marketing strategy. This article however, takes a different approach by dividing employees into categories based on the level of involvement in the marketing mix and customer contact as mentioned previously. The article proposes different strategies for different types of employees and claims this will be more effective than a blanket approach. As contactors and influencers may already be customer oriented but modifiers and isolates may need different strategies to develop customer orientation and focus on the bigger picture. The article outlines a management process as a result of the analysis which details the desired strategies and outcomes for specific types of employees. Contactors are directly involved in the marketing strategy and have high probability of contact with the customers; thus it is vital that the organization firstly hires qualified people who understand the customer. The contactors should be experts in their field, highly motivated and have in depth knowledge about the organizations customers. As they are the designers of the marketing mix, if their focus is on customer satisfaction, so will be the strategies they design. Modifiers should be effective communicators, and frequent communication training should be carried out. As the modifiers have customer contact but are not involved in marketing strategy. They should be thoroughly educated with regards to the customers value to the organization, the marketing strategies and the customers needs. Modifiers need to be reminded regularly o f the bigger picture and customer focus, as a rude receptionist can entirely change the customers perception of an organization. Influencers are the driving force behind the marketing strategy, thus they should be knowledgeable about the market and be able to judge things from a customers point of view. In order to increase their customer orientation they should be evaluated on customer orientation based standards. As they lack contact with the customer, programs should be implemented that enable them to interact with customers directly. Isolateds have no contact with the customer and are not involved in the marketing mix such as accountants, HR department, and operations and so on. They are the support staff and carry out organizational activities that enable service to the customer. However, these employees are focused on the organization and processes and have no sense of serving the customer. Thus they should be made aware of the customers and their needs. Methods such as writte n, audio and visual materials should be used to present the customer, the marketing strategy and their contribution to satisfying the customer. Regular inter department events can be held to make them feel a part of the organization and learn more about its strategy and goals. The processes explained in the article are useful for the academic community for the development of a human resource oriented marketing strategy. The concepts of differentiation and marketing may mention people in the organization but for students to realize the importance of people in the success of an organization is vital. Marketing strategies that focus on customer orientation and differentiation through employees may be just as successful as forming strategies based on branding or product features. This focus is useful for practitioners as well, as organizations need to actualize the potential of their employees. As commitment to the customer is not a part of motivational strategies, management needs to develop their own strategies to develop customer orientation through internal marketing. For marketers to develop a customer oriented approach in the organization, formalizing people power and developing and implementing strategies to harness this power is vital. Critique of the Judd article The article provides many references and sources however it lacks substantial evidence to back up the claim of people power. It is a conceptual paper that does not focus on practical examples and studies which detracts from the message. The author could have created a greater impact on the reader by providing results of surveys and researches or conducting studies himself. Although the paper cites many relevant respected sources it does not provide concrete support for the authors stance. The article is focused and to the point; and the diagrams are clear and simple. However, one feels that the article should have given generic examples rather than focusing on non profit and manufacturing organizations as the purpose of the article is people power across all sectors. The topic that Judd covers has been a source of debate in recent years. Human resources have gained importance and their value and input has been recognized in the academic world as well as in firms. The marketing mix has also been analyzed and criticized by many scholars as being too limited and many authors have proposed different elements to be added; as Kotler (1987) did in his books Principles of Marketing and Marketing Management. Although many authors promote human resources as an integral part of marketing, they often take different approaches. As Piercy (1995) in his article on internal marketing states that views of performance diverge amongst internal and external markets and employees may perceive service to be high quality but customers may be of a differing opinion thus even employees not in contact with the customer should be aware of the customers needs and priorities and an analysis of divergence between external and internal market should be carried out. Internal barriers that are identified should be the basis of the internal marketing strategy and thus the gap between the external and internal market should be closed. He focuses on identifying customers and suppliers within the organization. He also emphasizes the importance of employees views to be aligned with customer views just as Judd focuses on the employees being customer oriented even if not in contact with the customer. The proposal of 7 Ps by Rafiq and Ahmed (1995) in a generic marketing mix also proposes the inclusion of participants in the mix. Other Ps that they propose are physical training and process. The article is very different from Judds as it focuses on all aspects of the marketing mix rather than only people. The article focuses on a 7P vs 4P idea, and presents surveys and primary research which represent acceptance of the 7P framework. Another major difference is that participants means suppliers and customers as well and not only employees. The similarities include the focus on training and a customer focus throughout the organization; as it is vital for participants to create synergy and be aware of each others needs. As Judd focuses on the importance of people within the organization as an element of the marketing mix; Rashid and Ahmed focus on the entire marketing mix with participants as an integral element. It provides the Boom and Bitner framework which considers all human actor s as participants and as an element of the marketing mix. An article by Gronroos (1997) about relationship marketing focuses on the simplicity of the 4P framework and how it cannot apply to current organizations. It focuses on how relationship building with customers is of utmost importance and it is the foundation of marketing. This involves employees as being the force that enable the organization to build long term mutually beneficial relationships with customers. This is similar to Judds theme of the element of people power and their importance in providing service to the customer. Judd focuses on the marketing mix and Gronroos dismisses the marketing mix. But the element of employees being the basis of all services and marketing is common among the articles although the approach is different. According the article marketing attracts and persuades the customer and relationship marketing makes promises and builds trust. Judds article also focuses on customer orientation and building relationships but through internal marketing and the ma rketing mix. In his paper, Marketing Redefined; Gronroos (1990) covers the limitations of the marketing mix and its ignorance of customer relations. This article focuses on development of customer relations being more important than the 4 Ps just as Judd stresses the importance of people power as another P. However, the two papers reach the same conclusions from different points of views; customer orientation and relationship building is achieved through employee focus and commitment. Chris Lane (1988) wrote a paper on putting people first in the marketing mix. Lane (1988) focuses on the importance of the service giver in the marketing mix. He states that the service giver is the utmost important marketing factor as services are intangible and more emotional. He does not focus on a generic marketing mix, rather on the service industry. Although, caring for people and harnessing human resources is considered as vital to marketing, he does not focus on all the employees as being vital like Judd does. As Judd covers the generic marketing mix and focuses on customer orientation throughout the organization; Lane focuses only on the service industry and the service provider as being important. Judds article does not present a unique approach to the marketing mix and does not provide unique solutions as well, but it actively focuses on all employees of an organization. The articles strength is that it covers all types of human resources and their addition to the marketing mix, rather than just the influencers and contactors. The main weakness is the lack of primary research and statistical results that would have helped Judd in further persuading the reader about his assertions. Evaluation The article brings up an interesting view of employees and how to develop customer orientation in them. Although the importance of employees and HR is a common subject, this article develops a marketing perspective on employees. It proposes that for all types of organizations, the marketing mix should include people-power as the fifth element and thus strategies should be developed for employees to achieve customer orientation at all levels of the organization. The author builds up on his previous article on the same topic and thus it is not an entirely new concept. The strategies that the article proposes may achieve customer orientation in the organization, but it seems unlikely that the support staff and receptionists can be convinced to value the marketing strategy of the organization and customer focus as much as contactors and influencers. The article has a limited focus on the marketing mix; which has been criticized for being outdated. It does not focus on the relevance of re lationship marketing to people power and customer orientation. Judd touches on internal marketing but does not incorporate it in his views of employee and management roles. The article provides new roles for employees and new management responses based on the inclusion of the 5th P and customer orientation; however it might be difficult for marketers to convince other managers to implement these strategies unless there is high level commitment from the top. Thus, the initiative should be taken from the very top in order for customer orientation to take root at every level of the organization.

A Bad Day in My Youth

A Bad Day in my Youth When I was 11 years old, I was like all boys of this age; I loved to do what ever my parents forbade me to do. Now, I understand that they had a reason to warn me about many things. One of them was climbing places where children shouldn’t be. I couldn’t resist climbing trees or buildings just like a monkey. It was a nice, summer day and we lived in Odessa, Ukraine. Ukraine buildings formed courtyards. My friend and I played in the yard. The yard was small with garages and a big tree in the back. We climbed everywhere we could: tree, the roofs of the garages and the attics. We were like adventurers; we tried to imagine being Indiana Jones the man from the movie I saw on TV. I was impressed by his adventures. We knew that no one would tell us to stop because our parents were shopping, that day, and we stated with my best friend’s grandmother. She was a chubby and pleasant woman, 78 or 79 years old, and couldn’t always see what we were doing. So we took advantage of that old woman who couldn’t really know what we were doing. When we climbed the tree; my friend accidentally stepped on my arm and I fell and broke my leg and right hand. At first, I didn’t feel anything because of shock, but then, severe pain pierced the broken bones. My friend’s grandmother called the ambulance. I was scared when, in the hospital, doctor put a cast on my leg and hand. I imagined what my mom was going to say, I was afraid that she would be angry but she wasn’t. She said â€Å"I told you a million times you shouldn’t play like this and that, one day, you would break neck. You are lucky that it’s not a broken neck. Please don’t play games like this anymore. † I understood that mom was right and was trying to warn and protect me; the result of my disobedience was a broken finiteness’s. I was in a leg cast for 6 months and had to be home-schooled. My arm was in a cast for 3 months, but now it’s fine. Now I always to do what my parents tell me to do, because I know that they want to do the best for me. They are older; they have life experience and they know what way is better. Once, I did what I wanted to do. I will not make this mistake, again.

Carol Ann Duffy

Responding to the diary of a slave owner, transform this text into a modern day news story. Consider the publication the article would appear in, audience & purpose – how do you wish to present the Slave owner? How will you use the features of the text type and language in order to present your angle on this story. Diary from Bennet H. Barrow about his terrible actions with slaves had place over the 1800s in Louisiana in his own plantation. He writes down his actions on how he treats slaves because of their behavior.He tortured them mainly by whipping them after the slaves have been trying to escape the plantation. He started on his diary 1836 with his starting action on these slaves and than repeated these actions over decades. Bennet H. Barrow was a Slave-owner in Louisiana, born 1811, 19 years old Bennet took over management of a major section of the family plantation from his father. Bennet's share was roughly 1500 acres and included the family mansion. Getting this power lead Bennet to a disturbing path like the slavery torture.From his famous diary where he shares how he tortured those slaves and they way it ´s written sounds like he enjoyed the torture. This behaviour is of course outragous and disturbing how he portrayes this diary to these slaves. His diary starts in 1836 december 26 and begins with â€Å"House Jerry & Israel chained during Christmas. Bad conduct – for a year and better – Israel bad conduct during cotton picking season. This is the beginnig of the diary, language will not be really pretty further on because it will only get worse.(To read the diary click the link on the bottom of the article) Slavery today is not a normal thing and is barely seen. But there are still some slave owners in the world today. Bennet Barrow prided himself upon being an efficient manager. He composed a formal set of rules for the operation of the plantation. Barrow was constantly in debt, in part, because of his land deals. He also had some debts due to endorsing of notes for the borrowings of friends and relatives. One friend, a British physician, disappeared leaving Barrow to pay more than ten thousand dollar on a loan.That same friend also had forged Barrow's name to some smaller notes. Barrow also borrowed money from banks to be able to loan money to relatives. Barrow himself borrowed a large amount from his brother-in-law who later suddenly called for repayment at a time when Barrow was financially distressed. After a period of time Barrow was able to repay that loan to his brother-in-law but they were not on good terms thereafter. Later in his diary Barrow remarked upon seeing that brother-in-law, â€Å"Fat and pockets full of money. â€Å"

Whoever vs. Whomever How to Choose the Right Word

The words whoever and whomever are often confused, with many people assuming that the latter is a more formal or correct version of whoever. The misuse of whomever is so common that The New Yorker once published a list of examples under the title The Omnipotent Whom. While these two words may seem confusing, there is an underlying rule that governs their proper use. How to Use Whoever Whoever is a subject pronoun (just like I, he, she, they, and who). As a subject pronoun, it refers to the subject or actor in a sentence, the person who is performing the main action. For this reason, it works just like any other subject pronoun. You can use whoever in any context where you might also use I, she, he, or they: She is in charge over there.Whoever is in charge over there? How to Use Whomever Whomever is an object pronoun, which means you can use it in any place where you could also use me, him, her, them, or whom. As object pronouns, these words refer to the object of a sentence, the person who is the recipient or target of an action: Give it to her.Give it to whomever. Examples In English and in many other languages, pronouns change case depending on the relationship being described. In standard English, he, she, they, and who are changed to him, her, them, and whom whenever the pronoun does not refer to someone doing the action in a sentence. It remains it whether it is doing something or something is being done to it. The easiest and most commonly recognized subject placement is the very first word of a sentence; whenever a sentence starts with a pronoun, you can bet it will be I, he, she, they, who, or whoever: Whoever finishes the race first wins a trophy.Whoever wants to go on the field trip is free to come. When a pronoun occurs later in a sentence, though, things get trickier. The best way to choose the right pronoun is to first locate the main verb. If the pronoun is the subject of that verb, use whoever. If it is the object of that verb, use whomever: The prize should be given to whomever.The prize should be given to whoever wins the race. In the first example, the main verb is given, which takes the object pronoun whomever. In the second example, though, the main verb is wins, which takes the subject pronoun whoever. If the differentiation between whoever and whomever is annoying to you as an English speaker, you are not alone. Contemporary usage increasingly favors the use of whoever in both cases; in fact, the use of whom itself is disappearing. In 1975, the consulting editor of the New York Times, Theodore M. Bernstein, said that whom should be banished from the language except when it follows a preposition; thus, to whom it may concern and For Whom the Bell Tolls can stay, but everything else is who. Today, in most circles, selecting who and whoever as a default is considered acceptable usage. How to Remember the Difference Whoever and whomever are different parts of speech. One way to remember the difference is with the mnemonic hmmm. Would you say I want him to do that errand or I want he to do that errand? Since the first—the version with him—is correct, you should use whomever. If youre confused about a sentence, try substituting another pronoun (such as he or him) to determine whether you should use whoever or whomever. Sources Furness, Edna Lue. â€Å"Pupils, Pedagogues, and Pronoun Pitfalls.† Elementary English, vol. 42, no. 2, 1965, pp. 191–196.Lyman, R. L. â€Å"The Grammar of a County Teaching Force.† The English Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, 1922, pp. 240–242.Redfern, Richard K. The Language Game: The Death of Whom? The English Journal, vol. 70, no. 4, 1981, pp. 82–83.Romm, Ethel Grodzins. Whosoever the Gods Would Destroy, They First Make Misuse Whom. ABA Journal, vol. 71, no. 2, 1985, p. 126.

How Will The Frontier Be Affected By A Positive Change

Question One a. Why is the PPF concave to the origin? The production possibilities frontier is concave to the origin as it represents the increase opportunity goods along with the outputs of goods which is increasing. This is due to the law of opportunity goods – with one increase or production, an increase in opportunity costs follows (Layton, Robinson and Tucker, 2016). b. How will the frontier be affected by a positive change in technology for the product on the horizontal axis? The points represented on the production possibilities frontier represent the maxim outputs of each product (Layton, Robinson and Tucker, 2016. The amount of tables produced each year is presented on the vertical axis’s and the amount of chairs produced each†¦show more content†¦Elasticity is not confined to demand curves as the demand of a product consumed is not always related to the price of the item. For instance the demand of meat products may be high during holiday seasons, while the price is the same throughout the year and vice versa. b. The demand for a product is price elastic and the product s price is decreased by X%. What might be the expected change in quantity demanded and revenue? If a product is price elastic and the price decrease this will result in more people purchasing the product and therefor the revenue will increase. This is because more people are going to purchase the product in higher quantities if they see it at a cheaper price. For instance supermarkets often promote price dropped items, at a new cheaper price, this means more people are likely to buy that brand of product as opposed another that is a higher price – resulting in a higher revenue for the product (Layton, Robinson and Tucker, 2016). Question Four a. Explain why profits are maximised when MR = MC. 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Negative Effects Of Modernism - 742 Words

INTRODUCTION Postmodernism is an era of intellectual growth that is characterized by the move away from modernism. Postmodernism believes that truth is subject and not absolute. Thomas Oden declares modernism to be the period between the French revolution as marked by the storming of the Bastille in Paris 1789 and the collapse of the Berlin wall 1989. page 696. Postmodern started from 1950-1980.page 697. since many of us are born in a postmodern era the question to ask is how can todays generation reconcile with postmodern culture, what are the things they value the most and how can todays Christians aligned themselves with postmodern ideas even as we are walking with God. To, answer this question we will look at the four types or†¦show more content†¦Delegitimation is another form of postmodernism which in general people agree that there are certain legitimate metanarratives that existed to which all rational person should subscribe especially those of Christian nations. But postmodernism has called these legitimate ideologies into question. for example, the idea that a man must marry one wife till death separates them has been called into question by postmodern views. Advantages -Postmodernism, it encourages open-minded ideas. for example, support for equal rights for minorities. - It also raises important questions about changes in tradition. - create an open mind to mysticism. - It also encourages diversity. - It encourages the creation of community. Disadvantages - Inability to speak to condemn evil. - Post-modernism ignores the truth. - it rejects modernism, religion, and science. - postmodernism has no basic stand because their theory has no foundation. Personal application of postmodernism to my Christian life since postmodernism denies modernism, it is important for one to understand that todays culture encourages mostly postmodern, millennial and centennials ideas. There are two significant things that one need to adopt in applying postmodern ideas to our lives. The first thing one needs to adopt as we walk with Christ is to have an open mind. Since todays culture has an open-minded culture especially in the western world. As Christians we are called to think and act toward this path; For usShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness And The The Mystic Masseur 1544 Words   |  7 Pages In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and V.S. Naipaul’s The Mystic Masseur, the concept of modernism is established through two supporting characters, both of which have only brief physical interactions with our protagonists. Kurtz, from Heart of Darkness, and Mr. Stewart, from The Mystic Masseur, both represent the idea of modernism through both their beliefs and their actions, in a time when modernism was finding its footprints and was viewed differently to those foreign to the movement. 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Child Behavior Observational Study by Experts

Question - Observe an infant, child or young person in an appropriate social context. You are also required to describe the interaction between the infant, child or young persons observed behaviours and their environment ? Answer - Observations of a child behavior with her mother The current study will be highlighting the observational study that has been studied while observing a young mother and her infant baby. The main center of this observational study is to understand the attachment between mother and her first child. As per Beelmann Schmidt-Denter (2009), attachment or affection is a relationship which is linked with the child need for safety, security and protection. Thus, the main goal will be monitoring and observing the communication between mother and child. Moreover, the social constructive perspective will be used for understanding the relationship between them. It has been found that attachment in the early phase can have profound effect in having relationship with the child later. Therefore, it can be termed as internal working model. On the other hand, Emanuel (2014) proposed that a secure base concept which is relating with the emotional place is a state where a child can access the outer world and can get back where she/he will be greeted. Therefore, the particular concept can be explained in context to mother and child under the observational study. The specific interaction between the two will be discussed along with attachment theory. Rita a 22 years old stays with her mother, Maria who is 52 years old. On 23rd December 2015, Rita gave birth to her child, Allyson and her father Ricky 27 year old stays separately. On the other hand, it was observed that Rita enrolled herself for Family Nurse Partnership Programme when she was only 20 weeks pregnant. FNP has been taken so that Rita can remember that she has to visit to doctors for continuous approx 2 years. On the other hand all needed support can be received for enhancing the future health of child and mother and better well-being. In order to carry my observational study in more effective way, I sought consent from Rita so that I can observe her and her child growth and behavior. On the other hand, I submitted child observation consent to Rita which mentioned that no harm will be done to them either emotionally or professionally. During my first observation, I prepared post-natal questionnaire to understand the feelings and thoughts of Rita regarding the growth of the baby (Refer to Appendix). I found that response of Rita was overwhelming which showed a deep attachment with the small baby. She was very happy to share her experience of having first child. On the other hand, it observed that baby was healthy and naughty. The child is almost 4 weeks old and was very much attached with her mother. Moreover, the child was pampered by her granny and sometimes child feels irritated and starts crying. As per my observation, I observed that Rita was confident enough and believed her ability that she can take good care of her child. On the other hand, Rita was able to provide all the necessary requirements and needs to her infant child. Rita handled her baby with most care and made sure no problem is caused to the baby. During the observation process, desire of Allyson was well recognized by her mother, Rita. The baby does some rooting action whenever she requires feed and this need was met by Rita every time. Moreover, at the time of feeding, Rita communicated with her baby in a soft tone and rubbed the baby face in a gentle manner and relaxing way. On the other hand, Allyson gives response to her mother by gazing continuously and intensely. According to Hosdurga Finlay (2010), the mutual stare among the infant child and mother induce feelings and points interpersonal affair. Therefore, the baby can become socially co-operative by the response given by the mother. In the next observation, I found that Allyson did not cry when her mother was trying to soothe her in order to make her sleep. Allyson was feeling relaxed and tired free in the arms of her mother. On the other hand, the baby starts crying if she is kept on the bed and she wanted to be in the arms of her mother. Therefore, her mother kept in arms till the baby is asleep. Fonagy (2004) proposes that initial attachment bonding leads to a learning affect regulation. Apart from that, it has been observed that when Allyson was held by her grandmother, she was seen crying and upset but when is held back again by her mother, she was instantly calm. Therefore, it can be pointed out that Allyson was able to identify the appearance, touch, smell and voice of her mother. Thus, it can be regarded as the evidence for secure base development Bowlby King (2004). On the other hand, Allyson attempted to communicate with her mother by opening and closing her mouth and opening eyes. It showed that she was attempting to talk with Rita. Nilsen et al. (2015) stated the particular behavior as social releaser which means that infant can be able to distinguish among adults. Further, in the observation phase, I observed that Allyson was behaving differently when her mat was changed and she made cooing noise and also smiled at Rita. On the other side, Rita used exaggerated intonation and talked in soft manner as a response. Therefore, it can be considered as motherese (Miller, 2010). Moreover, it can be presented that Allyson became more responsive towards her mother. She makes some noise whenever she is in need of something such as hungry. On the other hand, Allyson was able to differentiate herself with other people (Hosdurga Finlay, 2010). It can also be observed that, Rita was able to understand the cues of her child more than her mother. Therefore, when Allyson went to sleep then Rita gets some relaxation. On the other hand, whenever, Allyson was happy she moved her legs and arms and makes sweet noise. Moreover, she shakes her legs in marching action and gives continuous smile. According to Riddall-Leech (2009), when baby smiles, it shows an instinctive behavior which reflects that baby is well taken care by people and defines social releaser. On the same day, Rita weighed her child in order to know whether she has pull on the weight and the anxiousness on the face of Rita can be clearly seen. When, Allyson was being weight, she was enjoying all the process and was literally happy. She was jumping and making sounds which brought smile on the face of her mother and also on my face. After the weighing session was complete, Rita was pleased to know to that her baby is healthy and has a normal body weight. Apart from that when the nappy of Allyson was being changed by Rita; she was smiling a lot and clapping her hand. The response of the baby was in a turn-taking way towards the mother (Bo wlby King, 2004). On the other hand, Beelmann Schmidt-Denter (2009) mentioned that behavior and feelings of mother towards their child are impacted by her own earlier experiences or say personal experiences. Therefore, it be mentioned that early attachment relationships are regarded as internalized which occur again in life in various context with number of people. Rita also showed an anxious attachment to her daughter as her mother once showed towards Rita. Fonagy (2004) proposed that an anxious attached child may not be able to attain confidence or may not be able to master their surrounding if they are bound by attachment. Therefore, child starts to develop prospects of their parents likely feedbacks to desire or distress in order to receive contact and it can be considered as internal working models (Miller, 2010). During my observation period, I studied the development phase of Allyson and I found that whenever someone speaks she keep on gazing on their lips and movement of lips. Therefore, this gaze can help the child to move her lips in coming days and after certain months she will be able to speak. On the other hand, when any toys are placed in front of her she gets excited. The toys like monkey beating drums, ball, etc gave her the pleasure and she was completely involved into toys. Therefore, when Allyson plays with toys, it provided a chance to Rita to get relax and take some rest. It was observed that when it comes to play with toys, Allyson completely jelled with unknown person and when there are no toys she starts crying and search for her mother. Apart from that, during observation time, I also discovered that when Allyson was full she moved her face left and right as a sign of dislike and also it pointed that she does not want to eat anymore. Therefore, Rita recognized such behavior of Allyson and stopped feeding further. On the other hand, when she puts her finger in her mouth and starts sucking, her mother knows that she is hungry. Whenever, Rita feed Allyson, she looks into the eyes of her mother. Moreover, Allyson hardly goes in the arms of her grandmother. Therefore, it depicts that baby is more connected with her mother. On the other side, when an effort was done to communicate with Allyson, she hides her face into her mothers chest as if she is feeling shy. Therefore, Rita holds her daughter more securely for reassuring Allyson. According to Riddall-Leech (2009), considered holding as one of the prime function of good mother. The mother has to make an attempt to make child response towards other reaction. For instance, if someone is saying hello, the mother can hold the hand of child and shake her hand softly to bid hello. Therefore, it can help in building confidence in child and future growth. As per Hosdurga Finlay (2010), from a view of social constructionist perspective the mother has to consider all the social, historical and cultural elements towards a child development. Apart from that, (Nilsen et al. (2015) argues that the particular perspective can lead to blame which can be directed to mother if any problem is caused during the child development phase. Therefore, attachment theory can be effective in for understanding the role of mother in relation of her child. Thus, Rita was able to provide good care to her kid and provided all the need requirements on time. Reflections on observations During my observation period, I was able to notice a strong bonding between Allyson and Rita and both was happy with each other. Allyson was more connected with her mother and less connected with her grandmother. The baby reacted well with her mother and also gave responses to her mother by making noise or clasping her hands. The feeling that I felt inside me was awesome and I could feel the emotion that was going through Rita. It was a point when I felt like crying when Allyson was holding tightly to her mother and was sleeping in her arms. It was so protective feeling. Apart from that, the behavior of Allyson depended on her mood when she was not feeling to have milk she just throws out of her mouth and starts crying. It made the mother angry but she was not able to show her emotion at that point of time as it would have made child upset. The relationship between mother and daughter showed to have patience and bonding can only be generated if a person feels secure under someone. Th erefore, it was a great experience and feeling to me. Whenever, a child needs anything she makes noise or starts crying and mother understood that they her child require food. Therefore, both mother and daughter was deeply attached with each other. Development theory In the whole observation study, the attachment theory was the main focus as development theory in relation to child. According to Bowlby King (2004) attachment theory is an emotional bond that unites one people to another over time. The attachment has helped Rita in bringing growth to her daughter. The child responded equally to her mother than any other person. The mother was very close to her child and baby was positive in her response towards her mother. Apart from attachment theory, the behaviorist theory can be suitably fit into the observation study. As the mind of the child is like a blank slate which is shaped by the surrounding environment therefore, the baby behaved in her own way and as per her mood (Miller, 2010). The attachment theory most fit to this particular observational study. The theory helped in understanding the link between a mother and a daughter and the interaction between them. The child was feeling more secure with her mother than any other person. Apart f rom that, Hosdurga Finlay (2010) mentioned that some kid may have subconscious psychological trait in regards to their parents as being loving and available and can also relate to complementary model as support and love. Therefore, the positive anticipation of bonding can referred as secure attachment. Thus, it can be advantage for a child to have secure growth. Moreover, Emanuel (2014) discussed that a kid can develop a sense of secure attachment to one and insecure attachment to other. The sensitivity of parents towards the requirements of the kid can be a main determinant whether child will develop secure attachment or insecure attachment (Hosdurga Finlay, 2010). It has been found that the ability of parents in delivering the secure attachment is mostly impacted by the care that they may have gained from their parents. Therefore, it was seen in the case of Rita and Allyson that Rita held her baby liker her mother was used to hold her. Therefore, a primary attachment was develop ed by Allyson as due care and regular support was provided by her mother. Moreover, the child can build confidence in order to explore his/her environment and form sense of self-esteem (Beelmann Schmidt-Denter, 2009). Therefore, this would help in the growth and development of child and be a happy and confident adult. On the other hand, if the child does not have healthy attachment then the kid may not be confident enough that the care provider will meet their needs. Career Focus Section During the observational placement, I was able to manage my professional role as well as student role. I did not let my professional role to affect my personal life. Moreover, I was able to realize that I have developed some personal skills on some level too. For instance, how to have a bonding with child or other people around and it helped in my personal growth. On the other hand, I discovered that an interaction skill is important to build a strong bonding. Therefore, if the interaction is positive from the two sides then it can lead to formation mutual bonding and sense of care and love. Apart from that, the observational study helped me to learn the way of treating a child and understand the behavior of a child. If secure attachment has to be made with the kid then a sense of care has to be generated in the child. Moreover, the requirement of the kid has to be made in right time. On the other hand, professional and personal life has to be kept separate. Therefore, this would hel p me to perform my duties in most productive and efficient manner. Moreover, I have seen that when Allyson dislike the cereals and was spitting out of her mouth then Rita controlled her emotion and did not get panic or angry. Therefore, this situation also encourage to not to get panic and control emotion so that kid does not get frightened. Therefore, the observation study was a learning process for me that would help me in my future career and achieving professional development growth. On the other side, time was one of the main factors in whole observation study. I have seen that Rita was giving meal and also medicine to her child on time so that her child remains fit. Therefore, to be a successful people, management of time is very useful. Therefore, I will see that I do my work on schedule time that can increase my efficiency and personal growth. Conclusion It can be concluded from the whole observation study that Tavistock model was greatly in place. The observation was done on a small child who is 4 weeks older. The child behaved differently in different situations. The child that is Allyson was very much in touch with her mother than her grandmother. Rita, Allyson mother, was present all the time to provide all the needs of her child and due to that a secure attachment was build among them. Allyson was seen enjoying herself by moving her leg, clapping hand whenever she is in happy mood which pleased her mother and brought smile on her face. Therefore, a strong boning was built between them. Rita was taking full care of her child, provided meal on time, changed nappy, etc. The whole observation process was a great experience on my part. By the end of the day, I was also able to have a little bonding with Allyson. I was able to make certain interaction with the baby as well. The main development theory that was applied in this study wa s attachment theory which showed an interaction of child with her mother. The child responded in her own to her mother. Therefore, it would be effective in building confidence in the child and will help in growth of the child. On the other hand, my professional role was enhanced by observing Rita and Allyson that gave me valuable insight towards the attachment theory. Moreover, the internal working model also helped me understand the impact of anxious attachment. Therefore, the whole study provided me different dimensions to analyze the situation. I develop a sense of growth inside me as a person and also at professional level. The attachment and interaction can help in building strong relationship that can be effective for the future growth and development. Therefore, parenting has to be superior as it will help in developing mental health of the child. I was lucky enough to observe such relationship and reaction of child in different occasions. Therefore, the observation placement can be helpful for my future career and growth. References Beelmann, W., Schmidt-Denter, U. (2009). Mother-Child Interaction Following Marital Separation. European Psychologist, 14(4), 307-319. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.14.4.307 Bowlby, R., King, P. (2004). Fifty years of attachment theory. London: Karnac on behalf of the Winnicott Clinic of Psychotherapy. Emanuel, L. (2014). Young child observation: a development in the theory and method of infant observation. Infant Observation, 17(1), 81-86. doi:10.1080/13698036.2014.895487 Fonagy, P. (2004). Attachment theory and psychoanalysis. London: Karnac. Hosdurga, S., Finlay, F. (2010). Child protection experience and training: a regional study of international junior paediatricians. Child Abuse Rev., 19(5), 369-375. doi:10.1002/car.1130 Hosdurga, S., Finlay, F. (2010). Child protection experience and training: a regional study of international junior paediatricians. Child Abuse Rev., 19(5), 369-375. doi:10.1002/car.1130 Miller, B. (2010). Young child live discussion. Infant Observation, 13(1), 95-96. doi:10.1080/13698031003607095 Nilsen, T., Handegard, B., Eisemann, M., Kvernmo, S. (2015). Evaluating change in symptomatic and functional level of children and youth with emotional disorders: a naturalistic observation study. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry. doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0671-3 Riddall-Leech, S. (2009). Observation techniques: Written. Child Care, 6(3). doi:10.12968/chca.2009.6.3.39440 Appendix Post-Natal Questionnaire I would be obliged if you could answer these question as per convenience. It will help me to understand your emotions and feelings and thoughts on becoming a mom. How do you react when you found that you are pregnant? What feelings or emotions arise in you when you are mother now of a girl child? Do you had any physical health issues at the time pregnancy and if yes, how you feel at that time? Were you facing any stress or emotional health issues at the time of pregnancy? How you managed your difficult feelings during pregnancy period? What you imagined about your daughter that what she will be like in first 3-4 days? What qualities do you wish that your daughter should have when she grows up? At what age, do you want to send your daughter to school?